It is sometimes held that, when used as an interruptor, the en dash should be "open" – spaced on both sides – in contrast to the em dash, which is closed. [11] This may include ranges such as those between dates, times, or numbers. Either the en dash or the em dash may be used as a bullet at the start of each item in a bulleted list. This is a quotation dash.
Basically, the dash creates the biggest of the "punctuational pauses," the smallest being the comma; next, the parentheses; and finally, the dash. The two-hyphen em dash proxy is perhaps more common, being a widespread convention in the typewriting era. The Australian government's Style Manual for Authors, Editors and Printers (6th ed. Some software, though, may operate in a more limited mode. A section on the 2-em rule (⸺) also explains that the 2-em can be used to mark an abrupt break in direct or reported speech, but a space is used before the 2-em if a complete word is missing, while no space is used if part of a word exists before the sudden break. The old aphorism rings true here: less is more. A spacing character usually showing a horizontal line below the, Used in programming languages (e.g. The Em Dash. The dash is a punctuation mark that is similar in appearance to the hyphen and minus sign but differs from these symbols in length and, in some fonts, height above the baseline. The figure dash may therefore be preferred to the en dash for indicating a closed range of values. There are actually several kinds of dashes in the English language, so today we’ll cover them. It can halt readers in their tracks—it makes them pay attention—as they read through your words of wisdom. There are two types of dash: the "em dash" (—) and the "en dash" (–). An em dash may be used to indicate omitted letters in a word redacted to an initial or single letter or to fillet a word, by leaving the start and end letters whilst replacing the middle letters with a dash or dashes (for the purposes of censorship or simply data anonymization). They stand for words that have been previously referenced and are therefore clear from context. [7] The widths of en and em dashes have also been specified as being equal to those of the upper-case letters N and M, respectively,[8][9] Appositives You should use the dash to set off an appositive when commas might cause confusion: 5. Unlike in English, the em dashes are spaced like brackets, i.e., there is a space between main sentence and dash, but not between parenthetical phrase and dash. [19] However, there is a difference between something named for a parallel/coordinate relationship between two people (for example, Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein) and something named for a single person who had a compound surname, which may be written with a hyphen or a space but not an en dash (for example, the Lennard-Jones potential [hyphen] is named after one person (Mr. John Lennard-Jones), as are Bence Jones proteins and Hughlings Jackson syndrome).
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